Economics Of Human Development And Social - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Economics Of Human Development And Social. Answer: The term human development is typically a dynamic term which is used to describe the process through which an individual grows and experiences changes throughout the lifetime. It can also be described as a qualitative change that an individual experience from birth to death. Thus, through this way, development can be described as the process of life which encompasses cognitive, physical, personality, psychological, motor, emotional and social. It is important to note that the development of an individual in all these areas are interrelated (Green and Piel 2015). Development on an individual is shaped by both the nurture and nature in terms of cultural context. Nature can be described as the hereditary contribution that an individual receives from his parents during the time of conception. Genetics determine certain aspects of the of a persons development, like physical appearance and functioning paired along with the psychological characteristics. Whereas, nurture refers to the socia l ecology and the physical environment within which an individual grows and develop. The different aspects of childs ecology (social institutions, physical facilities, school and rituals) all influence the development of a child in several ways (Robinson 2012). This study is based on the extent of human development influenced by the social relationships, physical environment and genes. In order to assess the extent to which an individual in influenced by the genes, physical environment and social relationships. Delving into each of the factors in detail can reveal the individual influence. Genes are hereditary and thus a persons physical characteristics is strongly influenced by the genes inherited from the parents. Various physical attributes of an individual are dictated by the genes that are inherited. An instance of environmental impact on an individual can be seen in population affected with sickle cell anemia (Ware et al. 2017). This disease is hereditary and when the population that gets adapted to it remains protected from malaria. Individuals that experience the good psychological health and good quality of life, develops a sense of belonging. This helps an individual to develop in to a moral human being. Whereas, if the upbringing is not in a healthy environment, then an individual may turn into an immoral being with distorted mindset (Ungar, Ghazinour an d Richter 2013). Genetic influence- Transmission of genetic material is a complex process. The majority of the characteristics observed in human beings are a result of the combination of the genes. Due to the numerous permutations and combinations of the genes, a large number of differences exist in psychological and physical characteristics. The monozygotic twins or the identical twins have the same set of chromosomes, because they have formed from a single zygote. Whereas, the twins from the di-zygote develop into two separate individuals who do not exhibit the similar characteristics like the single zygote twins (Sigelman and Rider 2014). Genes can be both recessive and dominant. Through various studies it has been found that in comparison to the females, the males are more color blind as well as color sensitive to certain colors. Likewise, a grandmother or a mother can transfer the same condition to a male child without being a color bind themselves. The reason is that the disease or the disorder is common in males in comparison to the females. Genes form pairs, and if both the genes are dominant then an individual will express a particular characteristic (for example: color blindness). Whereas, if one gene is recessive and the other is dominant then the dominant gene will prevail over the recessive. The recessive gene will pass on to the next generation but will not express, although it may get expressed in the subsequent generation (van Opijnen and Camilli 2012). The gene which is dominant, is responsible for expression of a particular characteristic or trait. The visible characteristic (eye color) which show up are called the phenotype. The recessive genes do not show up as a trait, if the gene is not paired up with the other similar type of gene. The traits or the characteristics that are carried genetically in the recessive form are called the genotypes. Thus, genotype can be described as the genetic material that a person is inheriting from their parents. Whereas, phe notype refers to the behavioral and physical characteristics that are determined by the environmental and genetic factors (Wachs and Gruen 2012). Environmental influence- a child whatever inherits from his or her parents is referred to as nature. While, the environmental influence on the development of a child can be referred to as nurture. Thus, in order to understand the influence of environment on a person, there is a need to understand the complex interaction between the nurture and the nature or environment or heredity. The environmental influences at the postnatal and the prenatal stages of human development are important. When the fetus is within the mothers womb, then the external agents like the alcohol, drugs, pollutants are actively harm the development of an unborn baby. Whereas, the emotional stress, mothers nutrition, diseases can also adversely affect the development of a fetus. After birth, the different types of the environmental factors influence the development of a child (Evans, Li and Whipple 2013). Ecological systems theory identifies the five different environmental systems with which an individual inter acts. The theory presents a concentric circles of systems and the at the center point exists the individual. The micro-system consists of the immediate home environment of an individual or a child. The meso-system is a relationship of a child with the family, neighborhood and school. The exo-system can be referred to the influences upon a child through the indirect agencies like the work places of the parents and the community services (Neal and Neal 2013). Influence of social relationships- the social environment influences how the children and the parents engages in to a social environment. Maintaining and developing a positive social relationship is actually fundamental for good quality of psychological health and good health. the individuals who have good relationship, exhibit a sense of belonging and also receive support from the other members of the community (Heckman and Mosso 2014). This enhances the normal day to day function and also helps to survive during the difficult situation. Social relationship provides the scope to generate the concerns, discussing issues, new ideas, sharing good news and at the same time obtaining the emotional, economic and social support. However, there are certain social relationships which involve the negative behaviors and emotions which may degrade an individuals quality of life and wellbeing. If a child lives in a good social environment, then there is a greater chance that a child will develop a positive social environment. Living in a social environment which is good, increases the tendency of a child to develop a positive social relationship (Kagitcibasi 2013). Therefore, from the above study it can be concluded that, human development is a continuous process which involves the development of the fetus to its birth and subsequent death. The development of the human being depends upon the influences of both the nature and the nurture. The aspects of nature include the physical environment and the social relationships, whereas the aspects of nurture involve the parenting and the genetic characteristics inherited from the parents. This study focusses on the extent to which the genetics, physical environment and the social relationships plays on the development of a human being. The role of the physical environment and genetics is on a greater pedestal, although the influences of the social relationships on the human development is more dependent on the cultural context. 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