“Still Life in Landscape” by Sharon Olds

Drunk driving is a known problem throughout the world, there are many accidents and deaths that occur each day because of stupidity and ignorance. In many cases families are torn apart and left heartbroken for the rest of their lives because of drunk driving. Drunk driving is the number one major cause of accidents and deaths on the road. Carelessness is responsible for drunk driving, and can be easily avoided, it can deal a great amount of pain and suffering and change the lives of many.The poem sets up a true meaning of what reality really is and can be seen and interpreted through the different perspectives by the child, reader and audience. The child in the poem in â€Å"Still Life in Landscape† by Sharon Olds interprets the poem as being reality and see’s for herself the dangers that exist. The child’s description of what she sees send a strong image to the reader that reality does exist and these things happen everyday.The gruesome imagery in this poem is u sed to make a strong statement about reality. All these examples can be explored even further. The author in â€Å"Still in Landscape† uses some very descriptive gruesome imagery to describe the scene of the car crash. The imagery that is used in this poem is intended to make a very strong impact on how reality is really displayed and what really goes on in the world. The author narrates the poem through the eyes of the child and describes what the child sees and feels. A woman was lying on the highway, on her back, with her head curled back and tucked under her shoulders so the back of her head touched her spine between her shoulder-blades, her clothes mostly accidented off, and her leg gone, a long bone sticking out of the stub of her thigh, my mother grabbed my head and turned it and clamped it into her chest, between her breasts†(Lines 3-13). The child is seeing reality at first hand and her mother can only grab her head and turn it clamped into her chest.The mother is not really protecting her child by just holding her but representing the endless number of bystanders in the world that do nothing about people that create and cause these tragedies. Throughout the poem in â€Å"Still Life in Landscape† the child is experiencing a true feeling of what reality really is. She sees the horrible scene of the crash site with the woman lying on her back with the back of her head touching her spine. â€Å"A woman was lying on the highway, on her back, with her head curled back and tucked under her shoulders so the back of her head touched her spine†(Lines 3-5).This description of what the child sees at the crash site makes you shiver and makes you feel query and makes you realize that this is really what goes on in the world. The consequences to drunk driving can be unforgettable when the outcome comes out to be death or pain to another family. Tragedy is happening all around us. We do not always see it. The cars do not always collide, bu t people still drive drunk. This problem will continue to grow, and people will continue to suffer. This is what reality is really about. But is there anyway to prevent situations like this?Will it ever stop? That is what the poem is addressing. Reality is that people die, all the time, due to stupidity and ignorance. Society usually believes only what it really wants to believe, it wants to ignore reality and live a healthy life without any circumstances, but that’s not how it is. If People witness or experience actual events of disaster or trauma only then do they really experience true reality. Carelessness can have a great impact on society or on an individual whether it showing up in drunk driving or any other problem related to reality.Works Cited Sharon Olds, The Upswept Room (2003) NY: Alfred A. Knopf, p. 23.

Effectiveness Male Mental Health Care Health And Social Care Essay

This survey attempts to carry on a qualitative analysis of the efficiency of mental wellness attention places in the UK. The survey will be based on semi structured interviews of some occupants in one such establishment in Manchester Suburbs, aged between 10 and 18. A elaborate literature reappraisal will besides be carried out on the subject. The survey aims at pin indicating major jobs which immature occupants of mental wellness places are confronting. It besides aims at foregrounding the hinderances faced by immature males while life in a residential place with mention to what they have already gone through. It is hoped that this survey will come in utile for such installations to better their services in the hereafter. It is the responsibility of mental wellness attention places to measure and measure their patient services from clip to clip and to inform the governments about them so that some action might be taken for betterment. Mental wellness attention residences in UK have a batch of restrictions. These include deficiency of good trained staff, a general deficiency of empathy among the staff, deficiency of proper resources to provide the particular demands of its occupants and deficiency of proper communicating with the occupants. These jobs are even more enhanced when it comes to male patients. Males normally do n't reach societal support systems such as residential mental wellness attention plans unless and until they feel that now their state of affairs is out of their control. This magnifies the jobs because males in such establishments are normally less than females, but are more chronic. Since this is a qualitative survey, it will use qualitative methods of informations aggregation. Best method for such a survey is that of semi structured interviews, because such a agenda provides an chance to the interviewer to obtain maximal information of diverse nature out of the topic. In the Information bulletin ( 2007 ) of Centre for wellness service development, the Author provinces: ‘Semi-structured interviews focal point on a list of cardinal subjects or inquiries that the interviewer wants the respondent to turn to ‘ . This is a really suited method of informations aggregation for this research since it attempts at researching the subject. The research worker is non looking for any specific replies ; instead an effort is being made to happen out whatever at that place is to cognize about the effectivity of mental wellness attention residential institutes for males, and to hold an penetration of service user position. Literature Reappraisal: Mental wellness jobs can impact the whole life of persons. Many surveies have been conducted in the yesteryear, look intoing different issues related to mental wellness. Following is a reappraisal of some such surveies:Franz and Barker ( 2009 ) conducted a survey to place different Barriers to Care for Primary Care Physicians Treating Patients with Alzheimer Disease. They concluded that the chief jobs were entree to and communicating with mental wellness specializers, hapless reimbursement policies, and uneven geographic distribution of good trained staff in such installations.Harmonizing to the World Health Organization:‘Gender prejudice occurs in the intervention of psychological upsets. Doctors are more likely to name depression in adult females compared with work forces, even when they have similar tonss on standardised steps of depression or present with indistinguishable symptoms. Gender differences besides exist in forms of aid seeking for psychological upset. Womans are more likely to seek aid from and unwrap mental wellness jobs to their primary wellness attention doctor while work forces are more likely to seek specializer mental wellness attention and are the chief users of inpatient attention ‘ .There is considerable sum of prejudice against people with mental wellness jobs among the wellness service suppliers. As cited in the ‘Science daily ‘ , Dr Alex Mitchell and his squad conducted a survey in 2009 to look into hinderances in entree to proper mental wellness attention services. They found out:‘Despite similar or really more frequent medical contacts, there are frequently disparities in the physical health care delivered to those with psychiatric unwellness with frankly poorer attention offered to ( or accepted by ) those with preexistent mental wellness jobs. ‘Patients are besides a spot colored about mental wellness issues. They normally avoid seeing a mental wellness professional. Many of them address their mental wellness jobs to their doctors instead than some mental wellness specializer. Vivian Kovess and co-workers conducted a survey in 2007 to look into the motivation factors in seeking professional aid for mental wellness issues. They found out that: ‘More than half of the sample would see their general practician foremost and frequently would go on with the general practician for followup. Mental wellness professionals were mentioned far less than general Practitioners ‘ . They besides found out that factors like age, instruction and societal support besides affect the seeking of professional mental wellness services.they concluded: ‘General Practitioners are frequently the point of entry into the mental wellness attention system and demand to be supported. Public information runs about mental wellness attention options and interventions are needed to educate the populace, extinguish the stigma of mental unwellness and extinguish biass ‘ . Due to gender functions assigned by society, among patients with mental wellness jobs, adult females are more likely to describe as compared to work forces. In 2009 a research was conducted by Bader and Sinha. Their survey was manifold and was conducted on an Iraqi sample. One of their many findings were: ‘Interviewees describing supplanting as a cause for necessitating mental wellness services were twice every bit likely to be female ‘ . HARP conducted a DH funded survey in 2003. Its intent was to place Bridges and Barriers into mental wellness of refuge searchers. They concluded: ‘The bulk of the male participants in the community audiences felt that work forces in their state of beginning faced specific force per unit areas that did non ease the self-acknowledgement of emotional or mental wellness jobs and that early socialisation in most civilizations did non promote work forces to speak about their jobs ‘ . A survey ( as cited in Dr Anderson Stanciole ‘s article ) on ‘Quality of and entree to wellness attention services ‘ was conducted by HEALTH QUEST under the European Commission. This was aimed at analysing the barriers of entree to mainstream wellness attention services for people at hazard of societal exclusion. Eight states were studied in deepness. They found out that there was a really complex state of affairs in supplying wellness attention installations to migrators. One issue was of multicultural scene. The migrators had communicating issues. They could n't understand instructions or state their jobs decently. Second job was that the professionals had no information of their medical history and besides no manner to achieve it. So, along with prejudice, cultural issues like linguistic communication and brought up manner besides pose a barrier in supplying wellness attention services. Sometimes the mental wellness supplying installations have so complicated processs of admittance, that the aid searcher is discouraged automatically. â€Å" A cardinal challenge some groups of refuge searchers face is right set abouting the procedure of using for protection † . ( Guylim Croucher 2007 ) A survey by Gordon Paul, conducted in 1988, cited in Neal & A ; Davison ( Ninth edition ) suggests that even in the best residential mental wellness attention places, the Patients do non hold optimum contact with healers or psychologist. The clinical staff spends what is even less than one 4th of their entire on the job hours with the patients. Discussion: Service provided to immature males in mental wellness attention establishments in UK is non every bit good as it is expected to be. â€Å" We have seen many instances where the proviso of wellness attention to refuge searchers has fallen significantly short of what would be accepted as a minimal criterion of attention under international human rights criterion † ( Joint Committee on human rights: grounds. P.173 ) Mental wellness is a really huge term and residential mental wellness attention professionals need to concentrate on all the facets of mental wellness. For case, some of the males who were interviewed during the survey pointed out that they had trouble in making the mental wellness attention professionals. Residents in such institutes require proper counsel and reding. They will non profit from the installation if a professional is non available for them most of the clip. Some patients who are non native have besides pointed out linguistic communication issues. The residence should engage proper professionals and perchance an translator for such patients. Bias among the staff was besides reported in some of the semi structured interviews. If the professional mental wellness staff will be biased against people holding mental wellness issues, so there is small opportunity for a life clip improvement of patients. Such immature males are already subjected to a batch of prejudice and unfavorable judgment that can hold a permanent consequence on their lives. They deserve a bias free environment at least inside the installation. One good thing about the mental wellness attention institute is that the professionals over there arrange meetings with the patient ‘s relations and attention takers from clip to clip to educate them about mental wellness issues that their beloved 1s are confronting. Decision: In visible radiation of literature reappraisal and above treatment, it can be concluded that despite supplying mental wellness attention and installations to immature males, mental wellness attention residential places need to be improved. Hiring of professional, un-biased staff is required. Handiness of and entree to good trained psychologists and clinical psychologists is a must. Young males are more unfastened to therapy as compared to medicine, so counseling Sessionss should be encouraged. Some residential mental wellness attention centres do non carry through the demands of the patients. They should increase their support to run into the basic demands of the occupants. On the whole it can be said that these institutes have both, virtues and demerits. Some issues like colored attitude, handiness of professionals, adequate psychotherapeutics Sessionss and physical demands in such installations need to be addressed. Mentions: Anderson E. Stanciole, Manfred Huber ; 2009. Access to wellness attention for migrators. Policy Brief. ( Internet ) . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.euro.centre.org/data/1254748286_82982.pdf. ( Accessed: 20 may 2009 ) Bader F, A Sinha R ; 2009. Psycho-Social wellness in displaced Iraqis ‘ . Pubmed. ( online ) . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806555. ( Accessed: 20 may 2010 ) Croucher, G. 2007. The challenge of assisting refuge searchers. ASPA Conference. ( Internet ) . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //docs.google.com/viewer? a=v & A ; q=cache: tdsC0kpPXDAJ: arts.monash.edu.au/psi/news-and-events/apsa/refereed-papers/au-nz-politics/croucher. ( Accessed: 20 May 2010 )Fraz, C.E & A ; Barker, J.C 2009. When aid becomes a hinderence. American Journal of Geriatic Psychology. ( online ) .Abstract from Geriatic Psychiatry Database. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //journals.lww.com/ajgponline/Abstract/publishahead/When_Help_Becomes_a_Hindrance__Mental_Health.99920.aspx. ( Accessed 20 may 2010 )Gender disparities and mental wellness: The Facts. World Health Organization. ( online ) . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/genderwomen/en/ ( Accessed: 20 May 2010 )HARP, 2003. DH. ( Internet ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.networks.nhs.uk/uploads/06/03/refugeeconf/lane.ppt ( Accessed 20 May 2010 ) . Joint Comitee on Human Rights.Provision of wellness attention 10th study of session 2006-2007. ( Internet ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com.pk/books? id=p_m-YfqqPmsC & A ; pg=PA173 & A ; dq=problems+faced+by+mental+health+care+seekers & A ; hl=en & A ; ei=2KD1S5ycGMufrAeNgIX3Cg & A ; sa=X & A ; oi=book_result & A ; ct=result & A ; resnum=1 & A ; ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA # v=onepage & A ; q=problems % 20faced % 20by % 20mental % 20health % 20care % 20seekers & A ; f=fals ( Accessed: 20 may 2010 )Mitchell, A 2009. ‘People With Mental Health Problems Receive Inadequate Medical Care ‘ . Science Daily. ( cyberspace ) .June 4, 2009. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090602083721.htm( Accessed: 20 May 2010 ) Neal & A ; Davison 1997. Abnormal Psychology. ( Ninth Edition ) . Available at: www.wiley.com/college/davison ( Accessed: 21 may 2010 ) Taylor & A ; James 1977. Secret of life album. ( Internet ) . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //mentalhealth.about.com/cs/stressmanagement/a/whatismental.htm ( Accessed 21 May 2010 ) Viviane, K & A ; Delphine, S 2007. Motivating Factors for Mental Health. BMC Public Health. ( Online ) . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medscape.com/viewarticle/563591. ( Accessed: 20 May 2010 ) Qualitative research methods. Information Bulletin, CHSD. ( Online ) .Vol I. available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm? harvard_id=34 # 34 ( Accessed 20 May 2010 ) .

Neural architecture

IntroductionThis article is traveling to discourse nervous web building from a different position than is usual in conventional attacks. This attack, which will be referred to asNervous Architecture, is intended to research building of nervous webs utilizing nerve cells asexplicitedifice blocks instead than anon. elements trained en mass. Simple Python plans will be used to show the construct for simple Boolean logic maps. The attack of this article is deliberately namedNervous Architecturebecause it is meant to parallel the manner in which a traditional designer consistently constructs a all right edifice: by developing well-known forms of building elements, which may be re-used to make of all time more sophisticated constructions. The conventional attack to nervous web development is to specify a web as consisting of a few beds in a multilayer-perceptron type of topology with an input bed, end product bed, and one or two concealed beds. Then a preparation algorithm such as backpropagation is applied to develop the interconnectedness weights. Sometimes a more sophisticated attack is taken such as utilizing a cascade or perennial topology but for all purposes and intents, the terminal consequence is a standard topology of a few highly-connected beds. This attack was a major discovery in the field because it led some people to get down believing outside the box of symbolic logical thinking that dominate d Artificial Intelligence at the clip. It has besides been successfully used in a assortment of pattern acknowledgment and control applications that are non efficaciously handled by other AI paradigms. However, these applications would non by and large be considered to stand for higher degrees of intelligence or cognitive processing. For illustration, say a nervous web is developed that can successfully acknowledge human faces under a assortment of conditions. This is a extremely utile application and good within the kingdom of conventional nervous webs. However, that is where the capableness of the web leaves away — at acknowledging the facial image. Aside from generalising facial characteristics, it can offer nil more in footings of concluding about those facial characteristics. Further, it is asserted that the standard attack to nervous web development is non suited for recognizing these higher degrees of intelligence. One of the cardinal jobs is the limited mode in which we approach the nervous architecture. To exemplify this job, we will return to the edifice architecture analogy. In this manner, our standard attack to nervous architecture can be likened to planing a edifice utilizing bricks. An designer who ever thinks in footings of bricks will non likely advancement beyond a certain degree of edification, because as a constituent, a brick merely offers one intent: to back up other bricks. Alternatively, an architecture increasingly develops more sophisticated, proved constructions based on the brick ( or other crude constituents ) which can be re-used to develop higher-level constituents. A house is conceived, non in footings of bricks and wood, but instead in footings of walls, doors, and suites. A sophisticated designer might even happen these constituents mundane and alternatively believe in more abstract footings of â€Å" infinites † , energy and flow of human traffic. This is the impression of â€Å" forms † , and in fact these ( architectural ) forms were precisely the inspiration for the field ofpackageforms. The same thought can be applied to nervous webs: a nerve cell by itself merely serves the map of exciting other nerve cells. And conventional nervous cyberspace acquisition algorithms are geared toward classification or other mapping operations. As a advocate of nervous webs, one believes that randomly complex intelligence procedures can be realized, and we have the human encephalon as pretty converting support of that belief. However, to go on advancement in this way, it is likely that we have to develop more sophisticated abilities as nervous designers and develop utile, proved nervous forms similar to the manner that edifice designers have done over clip, and in the manner package designers are now making. Adequate doctrine — we will now be taking a fresh expression at how forms can be constructed get downing with simple nervous elements, and specifically we will get down with Boolean logic elements. Architecting utilizing Boolean logic does non instantly offer an advantage over utilizing regular logic Gatess, but illustrates how sharp logic or symbolic elements can originate from fuzzed nervous processing elements. It will besides supply a conceptual foundation for future articles.Nervous websNervous web: information processing paradigm inspired by biological nervous systems, such as our encephalonStructure: big figure of extremely interconnected processing elements ( nerve cells ) working togetherLike people, they learn from experience.Nervous webs are configured for a specific application, such as pattern acknowledgment or informations categorization, through a acquisition procedureIn a biological system, larning involves accommodations to the synaptic connexions between nerv e cells.The first measure in the architecture procedure is to specify the crude edifice block, and if you have n't fallen asleep at this point, you have no uncertainty figured out that this will be anerve cell. The neuron theoretical account we will utilize is a version of the tried-and-true theoretical account used for package nervous webs, besides known as theperceptron. As illustrated in, the perceptron has multiple inputs and one end product. The mathematical theoretical account of the perceptron is given by: a = squash ( & A ; Sigma ; ( iiwi ) ) where:is input I to the perceptronis the weight for input Iis the activation ( end product )andsquash ( x ) = { 1 if x & gt ; threshold 0 otherwise The nature of the perceptron has been discussed many times elsewhere, including in Matthews, so we wo n't brood on it here. But fundamentally, the perceptron calculates a leaden amount of the inputs and so subjects it to a nonlinear â€Å" crushing † map — in our instance, this is a simple threshold operation. The nonlinear threshold operation is portion of what makes a nervous net exhibit interesting behaviour. Otherwise it would amount to matrix operations.Nature of the gameNow that we have the theoretical account for a basic nerve cell defined, we can now continue to specify basic logic Gatess by merely working out two things:the weight valuesthe thresholdFor our treatment we will presume that weights can be positive ( excitory ) or negative ( inhibitory ) and be in the scope between -1 and 1. The threshold will besides be assumed to be in the scope -1 to 1. If we cast this in footings of signals, so it equates to the demand that both inputs have to be sufficiently high to bring forth an end product. So, we will put our threshold to a high value of 0.8. Following we will put the weights for the two inputs at 0.5 each. If one input is one ( =1 ) so the nerve cell activation ( end product ) will be given by a = squash ( 1 * 0.5 + 0 * 0.5 ) = squash ( 0.5 ) = 0 since 0.5 & A ; lt ; 0.8 { the threshold } Therefore if either or both inputs is 0, the end product is zero. If both are 1, so the leaden amount will be greater than the threshold. Listing 1 show the Python plan that demonstrates the nervous AND gate, and will be used as a templet for other logic maps. The writer prefers Python for prototyping, because it consequences in compact codification that looks really close to pseudocode.Plan to prove InverterWe have shown how a simple set of logic Gatess may be implemented utilizing nerve cells. In theory, this is all we would necessitate to implement a cosmopolitan digital computing machine of arbitrary complexness, because that is all a microprocessor does. In fact, it can be shown that all the logic maps can be implemented with one type of gate: either all NAND Gatess or NOR Gatess. However, if that was our end, there would be no advantage to this attack over utilizing standard logic Gatess. The point is that a nervous attack can be used for planing intelligent constructions †” that is explicitly architecting ( there ‘s that word once more ) structures — every bit good as germinating them utilizing conventional nervous web preparation paradigms. With nervous architecture, we can get down with simple logic operations and construct them up into more interesting logical constructions. As an illustration, see our first illustration, the simple AND gate. This could be used to digitally execute an operation on spots, but it can besides be used to execute a logical AND operation on two regulations, for illustration: IF regulation X AND regulation Y THEN fire ( end product is active ) . Furthermore, by utilizing nerve cells, the inputs are non at wholly limited to binary signals, they could be analog signals ( regulation X is kind of true ) or even the end product of an full nervous web.DecisionThe nervous architecture attack can be seen to hold the undermentioned key advantages or possibilities:Can develop constructions built on a cosmopolitan ne rve cell edifice block.The same basic edifice block can be considered as a nerve cell ( standard perceptron ) or a logic gate.The attack allows sharp constructions to interface with fuzzed 1s, uniting the nondeterministic and evolutionary belongingss of nervous webs along with the advantages of explicit, structured design.Can develop recognizable higher degree edifice blocks, a of import demand for recognizing continuously more complex architectures.

Needs-Based Theories of Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Needs-Based Theories of Motivation - Essay Example Before going to discuss three needs-based theories of motivation, let us get a better understanding of what motivation actually is. Motivation means to inspire people to make them achieve their personal or professional goals. In workplace settings, it is extremely important to motivate people to increase their productivity. Williams (2010) states, â€Å"Motivating people to do their best work, consistently, has been an enduring challenge for executives and managers†. Needs Theory by Douglas McClelland Douglas McClelland presented this theory of needs. The theorist reveals that there are three needs, which affect or shape the behaviors of people. Those needs include need for power, need for affiliation, and need for achievement. Power is another human need. In this world, every person has the desire to influence others in order to control their behaviors and actions but the level of desire to control other individual’s behaviors varies from person to person. People, who are motivated by power, want to dominate and shape other people’s views and behaviors. The need for achievement is another need of a person to achieve all personal and professional goals. People struggle in their lives to achieve their goals and objectives. Achievement of any type of goal makes people happy and confident. The third need is the need for affiliation. People want to make relationships with other people in order to remain active in the society.

Aviation Legislation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aviation Legislation - Essay Example The board also has a responsibility of making sure there is advanced engineering technology in the aviation industry. Moreover, the board is entitled to maintain a peaceful aviation industry that is adequate to cope with all the requirements of war (Lawrence, 2008). The other significant importance of the Moral Board is making sure that the aircraft manufacturing industry runs and operates in the recommended way. The board manages to enact this obligation by undertaking most of the government policies related to manufacturing and maintenance of aircrafts. The board is also entitled to make sure that there are essential needs and equipments to assist in maintaining security all over the country. The other major obligation of the Morrow Board is to make investigations on various matters that hinder or cause poor performance in the aviation industry especially in both navy and army departments. The board is also entitled to make various recommendations that ought to be considered after weighing various opinions from different stakeholders in the aviation industry (Lawrence, 2008). The American government passed the Railway Labor Act back in 1926 but later made various amendments on the law (Lawrence, 2008). The significance importance of the act in relation to the airline industry is that it deals with various labor related issues. Moreover, the act also deals with various labor issues related to the railroad industries. The act protects the rights of employees in the airline industry. It manages to accomplish this obligation by providing a peaceful environment in disposition of disputes between carriers and their employees. The act also manages to impose a duty on both carriers and employees in order to put reasonable efforts while trying to maintain collective bargaining agreements. The duty helps to settle disputes between the two bodies by providing various resolution

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Italian Immigrant Families and Aboriginal Families in Canada - Essay Example Original subcultures give a family a sense of belonging and enhance the process of socialization through which parents can instill the values, beliefs, and attitudes of their children. Both Italian and aboriginal families are forced to live in poor urban shanties because of lack of acceptance and poverty levels in Canada. For Italians, the family is a resourceful and dynamic structure that is forced to compromise because of the different demands in the bicultural and bilingual Canadian setting. To adapt the two cultures and survive in Canada, the family is forced to adopt cultural and linguistic aspects and develops a synthetic culture made up of cultural elements from both societies (Colalillo 120). On the other hand, the Aborigine family has refused to let go of their traditional cultural systems to maintain their identity. However, they find it hard to maintain their lifestyle and customs because of aggravating poverty and lack of government support. Most of them were moved to res erve lands during the colonial era and despite the resettlement treaties signed by the government, they have remained refugees in their homeland. In the reserves, the aborigines families are isolated, have insufficient wildlife and natural resources, and government funding for subsistence. Literature indicates Italians immigrant families have experienced alienation that has led to breaking of families, disruptions of family life as laid down by the Italian culture and moved to unfamiliar territories. In addition, sociologists indicate that Italian immigrant families in Canada are forced to live in urban villages and never get an opportunity to be fully integrated into Canadian society (Colalillo, 123). Experts say that literature on assimilation and integration creates conflicts between children and their parents when they criticize parents for being left the ethnic ghetto. The effort to assimilate attempts to remove cultural baggage (Italian culture) and quantifies the gains of the second generation. On the other hand, Over the years, the literature indicates that the aboriginal people have undergone suffering and poverty because of their adamant to get rid of their nomadic cultural system. In Canadian society, aborigines are stereotyped and their relationship with other communities is tainted by mutual mistrust and misunderstanding. Long during the colonization period, the state of Canada tried to eliminate the aboriginal culture through the use of discriminatory laws that were aimed at assimilating them. Because of the state of poverty and government alienation, the aborigines have been forced to move to urban centers and states show that their population is one of the fast growing in the Canadian urban centers. However, because of the lack of basic survival skills, most of them are forced to enlarge in crime to support their families. Moreover, the community's poverty makes it vulnerable to victimization and assault sexually and physically. The statistics report indicates that the bringing families living in urban centers are likely to be poor, with an estimation of more than 80% of their children being raised in poverty-stricken families.

The New age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The New age - Essay Example Unlike many other religions that teach man is inherently a sinner unless cleansed, Scientology upholds that man is good. It teaches that man is his own soul that is immortal, and it is not a virtue that he possess, but rather, he is that virtue. Among the many appeals of Scientology is that the faithful believe what they please. It is also an applicable technology that answers questions on life, enabling people to have an insight of who they are (Lewis, 2007). Question Two The key contrasting aspect between religion and science is that religion presents statements that are absolute, while science develops from relative theories and truths of the forces and processes of nature. Religious statements can neither be proved right nor wrong, while scientific theories can bear their own evidence of falsehood or truth. Religion, unlike science, claims to have absolute knowledge on all arguments presented to it. While religious arguments are faith based, an authoritative, scientific theory wi ll demand evidence. It seeks to employ rational and realistic methods to gather information that helps to answer human curiosities and all its claims are open to criticisms that can prove otherwise. On the other hand, religion does not welcome criticism because of its faith foundation. It is mainly based on revelations from a divine being, and criticizing religion is considered a sin since faith does not seek proof. Question Three Globalization is the interaction and integration process between governments, organizations and people of different countries promoted by international investments and trade and encouraged by advances in information technology. It affects the culture, environment and economic trends of communities in the world, while also impacting political systems of all countries trading together. Technology and policy developments have led to tremendous increases in international trade volumes, making them cheaper and moving faster to more destinations. In the same sen se, the failures and shortcomings of humans are exhibited and exchanged among the trading partners because of the increased interconnectedness. In other words, atheism is spreading values that do not contribute towards the flourishing of human moral life. For example, technologies available can be used to sell pornography without easy detection. Human trafficking can also be conducted alongside trade as atheism poses long running challenges to freedom of cultures around the world. Demeaning and false ideas are spread faster than wholesome values and the poor, disabled and elderly become marginalized as atheism does not uphold the value of human life. Question Four Secularism can be viewed in two aspects. First, it is the government principle that gives the right not to be oppressed to any religious group by another one. Secondly, it is the separation of the state and its institutions from religious institutions and dignitaries. In the second sense, it thus implies that citizens are free from state imposed religions and the state takes a neutral stand on belief matters. Political activities of that state are not biased by religious manipulations. It is better for states to remain secular for the sake of practicing democracy. A country with mixed cultures and religion should be allowed to practice their preferred faith without being a nuisance or danger to the society. Question Five The Wicca Church’

Japan U.S. relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Japan U.S. relation - Essay Example In 1639, the shogunate commenced the isolationist sakoku ("closed country") policy spanning two and a half centuries of feeble political unity known as the Edo period. (Frost, 25-7) Late in the nineteenth century, abundance of the prerogative and the resignation of the shogunate led to the founding of a centralized state integrated under the name of the Emperor. Influenced by Western political, judicial and military institutions, the Cabinet prepared the Privy Council, brought in the Meiji Constitution, and assembled the Imperial Diet. This transformed the Empire of Japan into an industrialized world power that got into a number of military conflicts to increase the empire's sphere of authority. Today, Japan is a constitutional monarchy, with the powers of the Emperor being very limited. Seen as a ceremonial figurehead, the constitution defines him as "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people". (NDL, 1) Power is chiefly vested in the Prime Minister of Japan and other elected members of the Diet, while Japanese people are the root of the sovereignty. The relationships between U.S and Japan date back to the 1850's when Commodore Matthew Perry with his "Black Ships" sailed to Japan and signed the Convention of Kanagawa in order to initiate trade between Japan and U.S. This ended the sakoku policy of Japan and 300 year seclusion from the outside world. A few years later, the first Japanese embassy to the United States ever, was sent to ratify the new Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation among the two regimes. Subsequent to the Meiji Restoration of 1867, the United States aided Japan in its modernization of its economy and of its military. This resulted in the new constitution of Japan being partly influenced by the United States Constitution. (Hay, 1) Diplomatic relations ended with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, drawing the United States into World War II. The war ended after the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. After the end of the Second World War, Japan was taken under control by the Allied Powers, led by the United States. The San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on September 8, 1951, manifested the end of the Allied occupation, and Japan regained its independence on April 28, 1952. The early post-occupation period Japan needed direct United States economic assistance. The general Japanese public feeling of dependence decreased gradually as the devastating results of World War II faded into the background and commercial activities with the United States saw a significant growth. (Huntington, 3-17) Self-confidence increased as the country applied its assets and organizational skill to retrieve economic health. This led to a general want for greater autonomy from United States influence. Bilateral talks on improving the 1952 security pact started in 1959, and the new Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security was signed in Washington on January 19, 1960. The pact, when presented to the Diet for approval, stirred a bitter argument over the Japan-United States relationship and a violent all-out effort was made by the leftist opposition to thwart its passage. Under this treaty, both U.S and Japan assumed an obligation to aid each other in case of an armed attack on provinces under Japanese supervision. (LaFeber, 165) It was however implicit, that Japan could not come to

EU ECONOMY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EU ECONOMY - Essay Example nnovative technologies, improving the access to enterprise development capital and focusing on economic reforms that will ensure high economic growth, employment creation and innovation. The member states must commit to reduction of their budget debts, invest in new technologies, diversify their economies, invest in innovative research and stimulate the growth of new enterprises in order for the economic region to remain competitive. In the past five years, member states of the EU monetary block has witnessed harsh economic environment characterised by imminent outright sovereign debt defaults, financial contagion, increase in unemployment, decline in overall economic growth and mistrust among the member states. The EU economy policies must ensure high economic growth, high innovation and improved resilience of markets to external economic shocks in order to attain global competitiveness and ensure high direct investments in the region (Finke 2012). On the other hand, emerging global competitors such as China have export-growth initiatives that improve the competitiveness of their products in the global markets (Finke 2012). China enjoys absolute advantage in manufacture of many products due to availability of highly qualified cheap labor, nearness to the source of raw materials and superior manufacturing technologies. China’s trade and services account for more than 65 percent of the GDP and has maintained a consistent annual increase of GDP over the last ten years. The policy paper is addressed to the European Commissioner and aims at highlighting how EU competitiveness in the global markets is declining due to emergence of global competitors like China and offers several alternative policy measures that should be implemented in order to counter the growing threat. The EU economy is undergoing a turbulent period since its formation since many member states are struggling to recover from the adverse impacts of recent global economic recession and financial

Ethical Considerations in Nursing Education Dissertation

Ethical Considerations in Nursing Education - Dissertation Example More definitions have incorporated aspects such as viewing ethics to be principles that underlie decisions in order to conform to one or another standard of conduct. Looking at the concept of ethics, which also has to do with morality, it becomes clear that it constitutes laws that basically constitute the socially accepted rules of conduct and that have been established in order to protect the larger society (Bosek and Savage, 2007). Laws, at the same time, are rooted in wider values that are held by majority of people in any given society, and they function with intention to create order in activities that humans may be involved in (Bosek and Savage, 2007). As a result, laws largely tend to bring fairness and justice and this has to do with protection of the rights of individuals and society. To be moral or ethical, as individual would be largely acting or behaving in a specific way in order to accomplish particular ethical practices. This is particularly evident given that individ uals, including nurses have different ideas of what they believe is moral, as well as how they interpret what constitutes moral experience. Individuals are not the same, and as a result, they are likely to possess different viewpoints concerning what is moral and what is not, a situation that is further likely to results into conflicting doctrines or theories about how people should live, as well as how everyday moral problems can be resolved. Billington (2003 cited in O’Connor, 2006) developed key aspects, which can be used to describe what constitutes morality and ethical practices. According to the author, morals and ethics exhibit the following characteristics: it is impossible for any one to avoid making moral or ethical decisions since the social... This paper approves that ethical training for majority of nursing students should largely center on establishing the best ways of dealing with how well to avoid egocentrism tendencies that may be the source of conflict in the profession. In most cases, individuals have own or personal belief systems, which they consider appropriate, and sometimes superior as compared to the beliefs of others. This notion, when it becomes past of nursing students, is likely to be the major impediment in conducting or carrying out one’s duty. Due to this, nursing students have to gain and utilize knowledge that expresses explicitly how well they can minimize egocentrism tendencies, hence reduce likelihood of ethical dilemma. This essay makes a conclusion that nursing is a profession that, like other professions, has progressively become a field that considers ethical and legal issues with great seriousness. Nursing involves working with people who, apart from treatment, require care. The care management extended to patients is likely to be a complex process, especially where the issue of decision-making and individual rights are concerned. Apart from this, nursing as a field is viewed as the critical avenue in which treatment, healing, and care of patient is adequately achieved, and it is from this matter that ethical issues and consideration in nursing have progressively become necessary. Ethical training and moral development of nursing students is critical, since it enables the students to prepare adequately for roles of nursing in future endeavors.

The Classical Symphony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Classical Symphony - Essay Example Symphony has evolved since the middle of the eighteenth century, as stated by Dorak. His study stated that the Bohemian Stamitz first established a new form in the orchestra. In my research, another study made by Think Quest indicated that the history of the symphony was traced to the Baroque period. It was during this time there were musical performances in concert halls. Accordingly, these musical performances gradually evolved into the development of the â€Å"sonata† where composers realized that eventually lead to the beginning of the symphony. The classical orchestra is composed of four sections: the string section, the woodwind section, the brass section and the percussion section. In a study of the Sections of the Orchestra, it was detailed that the string sections are divided into four parts. These parts are the: first violins, second violins, violas, and cellos and double basses. The woodwind section is composed of two oboes, two flutes, two bassoons, and two clarine ts. The brass section, on the other hand, consists of two trumpets, four horns, three trombones, and a tuba. Finally, the percussion section is composed of pair of timpani (kettledrums), a side drum (snare drum), a bass drum, cymbals, and a triangle. These are the basic groups of instruments used in an orchestra. It is interesting to note that as revealed in the same study on the Sections of the Orchestra, most orchestras today have a piano and a harp to complement the other instruments, as needed.

Human Heart Essay Example for Free

Human Heart Essay The human heart is by far one of the most vital organs of the body. It has a mass that ranges from 250 grams to 350 grams. Its contraction and expansion results in 2000 gallons of blood being pumped through the body’s blood vessels per day. It’s located in the middle of the chest protected by the ribcage. Its building blocks are a unique type of muscle known as the myocardium, and it’s enclosed by a double-walled membranous sac known as the pericardium. The double-walled membrane houses the pericardial fluid which cushions the heart preventing shock and nourishing it. It’s divided into four chambers and has a large network of arteries and veins. The chambers are known as the atrium and ventricles. A special kind of muscle called the septum divides the right cavity and the left cavity. Normally the expulsion of blood from one cavity would result in a subsequent amount of blood flowing into the adjacent cavity. The left ventricle is the strongest and largest chamber since its tasked with pumping blood to all parts of the body through the aorta. The right cavity of the heart which is composed of the right atria and right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body and pumps this blood to the lungs for oxygenation (pulmonary circulation). The left cavity composed of the left atria and left ventricle receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps this blood to all body parts through the aorta (systemic circulation). The heart has four valves that regulate the flow of blood through its chambers. Blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle is regulated by the tricuspid valve. The pulmonary valve regulates blood flowing into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle. Oxygenated blood from the lungs passes through the mitral valve situated between the left atrium and left ventricle. The aortic valve regulates oxygenated blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta for delivery to the body. One of the greatest threats to the hearts proper functioning and subsequently to a person’s survival is a heart attack. A heart attack occurs when the heart is not able to pump blood effectively due to arteries clogging. Deposition of fatty cells in arteries will lead to their constriction inhibiting the flow of blood leading to a heart attack which is fatal in most cases.

Can Participatory Democracy Replace Representative Democracy Politics Essay

Can Participatory Democracy Replace Representative Democracy Politics Essay Over the past years, it has been observed that liberal democracy and it is choices of representations that is founded on appropriation of power through provoked consent has not been able to deliver freedoms and development and therefore, is considered a non functional choice. This essay is arguing that participatory democracy is not only a viable alternative to representative democracy. But it is the only viable option for the troubled societies of the modern era; it descends from democracy in its true form direct democracy and hence leads to progress and development. Which constitute it attraction as a renewed theory seeks response to representative democracy crisis. This essay used the model of Kerala in India to provide a case example of that participatory democracy with all its positive achievement is yet, to be empowered through proper participation and enriched experiences. Using critical analysis the essay will provide discussions on the notions of democracy in general, representative democracy and its critiques and overview of participatory democracy origins and features shortly try to draw the distinction between participatory democracy and deliberative democracy consecutively then overview of discussions around the Model of Kerala participatory democracy, finally discussions between PD/RD in the context of the developing world. Democracy: the contested notion According to William Connolly, democracy is a fundamentally contested notion on which it is impossible to reach an agreement (Barber, 1984). Although the differences in opinions might be frustrating it still does not destroy the worth of the contested concept. Before we indulge in the discussion whether participatory democracy is a viable alternative to representative democracy or not, we must understand what those terms stand for and how contested visions interpreted them, but first understanding the term democracy in its essence. Although a recent article by Nobel laureate Amartya Sen (2005) highlights revealed evidences that democracy has been theorised in many civilisations including Asian, African as well as in European and American. But, as part of our Eurocentric knowledge (said 2003); the word democracy commonly makes its origins from ancient Greece. With the supremacy of the Roman Empire, the theory of democracy declined. However, it found its way back into the European thought with the fall of the Roman Empire, primarily because of the translation of Aristotles politics into Latin in the early 1260s. (Beetham 2005) Since then debates on democracy have become a vital part of the Western culture and have continued to grow and merge into mainstream thought process. It is interesting to note that when Aristotle spoke about democracy in his work, he meant direct democracy; a form in which people rule and are ruled in turn. The underlying issue is that self-government is deemed as a critical element of democracy or in fact the essence of democracy. In present times where most discourses on democracy are occupied by discussions on election; elections are held for relatively longer times, indulge in exhaustive policy-drafting roles, the conditions of democracy are not met and hence the government no longer remains a democracy but turns into an oligarchy, despite the participation of all citizens in the election process. However, with due course of time, with redefinition, the notion of democracy has gained a new history to a certain extent, one which has almost nothing to do with its roots in ancient Greece (Bruce 2004). The previous concept of democracy had evolved because of historical incidents where lower classes, mostly the peasants, acquired a more active and unique civic status. Hence this form democracy origin begins with European feudalism rather than Athenian democracy. In our modern era, many people regard democracy as sacrosanct, and they are not eager to adopt or even try different governing. Amartya Sen (1999) in his article Democracy as a Universal Value, building on the argument that there are diverse origins for democracy criticising the tendency toward oversimplification that The practice of democracy that has won out in the modern West is largely a result of a consensus that has emerged since the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution(p.15) and it need to be exported to the rest of the world. He rejects the claims that Asian values and traditions are not supportive for democracy, providing examples from Asia and Africa history, making the point that democracy is a universal value (p.16). One important issue coincided democracy practice and theory is the majority rule. Dahl (1989) provides rational justification for accepting the majority rule using four different ways including: maximising the number of people who can exercise self-determination in collective decisions (p.138); majority rule is more likely can reach correct decisions, finally it maximise the utility based on maximising the satisfaction on decisions and there is no other cost-effective rule. Although justification form authors who favour or disfavour majority rule are always present it has been accepted in most practices of democracies. For instance see David Estlund (1997), who argues against the majority rule and fair proceduralism and favour of fair deliberative proceduralism. However, in this regard the term democracy has been understood as government by consent (Bhagwati 1995). The term democracy became a reference to a field where different parties test the strength and feasibility of their respective point of views, or even as a reward to be accomplished by a party that can provide the most solid, logical and convincing arguments (Barber 1984). The western practice of democracy was heavily shaped by the consequent politics of representation that followed the French and American revolutions, moving away from the face to face interaction of the ancient Athenian city direct democracy to representative democracy (Dahl 1989). REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY Similar to the overall democracy concept, the notion of representative democracy is no less contestation (Saward 2008). The varieties of human experiences in practicing representation enriched the notion, and made it almost impractical to define using dictionaries statement. The theories have gone far, for example Michael Saward (2008) is claiming that all democratic politics is representative politics (p.1005), denying that the direct democracy is not more democratic than the representative democracy and representative democracy is not in contrast with direct democracy but incorporating it. However, I can outline three peculiarities in order to understand representative democracy mainly 1) Election: people vote to elected officials to be considered as their democratic representatives; they have 2) Delegation: they are delegated by their trustees, to practice 3) Mediation: they are assigned to speak on behalf of social groups interests within a forum normally referred to as assembly or parliament etc, having discussions to reach a 4) Collective decision making( Laver and Kenneth A. Shepsle 1994). In short, Representative democracy is about having fair voting process and the result of that voting determine who will decide and what decision are going to be decided. Representation is based on the assumption that members of the society and social agents thriving for Nobel goals of their own society can act as the engineers of social evolution, in settings of cooperation, harmony, dialogue, respect for variations in culture and also for economic agents, opens up bright promising avenues for growth and progress. Primarily this assumption is challenged by the situation of the developing world of today where many democracies collapsed (Diskin 2005). In the early seventeenth and eighteenth centuries coupling the growth of liberal thought in many western regions, division of powers theory and human right culture that claimed by the mentioned revolutions; the overall representative democracies form of governance and mixed governments has referred to as liberal democracies. Best example for this is England, which a mixed government where the King represented monarchic principle, the aristocratic one being represented by the House of Lords and the House of Commons symbolizing democracy. Now since the King was also identified as an executive, the legislature being the House of Commons, and the House of Lords at least to a degree as the judiciary (Chavez and Franklin 2004). Â  Within a representative democracy it is assumed that wide-ranging public and political association bonding the society, triggered from outside the political dome of liberal democracy for a mutual enlistment of forces of the entire society and productive cadres from the political groups set up the stage for a powerful and solid representative democracy (Gruegel 2002). In a similar manner as they interact in real life in social procedures and dealings. Expertise, skill and charisma are the true skills of any good governance, but only once reliability, democracy and integrity are ensured (Huber and Stephens 1997). Leadership is not by self-postulation in representative democracy which prevents turning suspected support, intellect or expertise into the key sources for any claims to leadership. Gentle, honest, moral, intelligent and social skills acquire enough space to speak for it and perform in a political liberation operation based on progress, representation and ideology, rather than be dominated into exclusion by the immorality and deficits that hold command over the otherwise political scene (Kaufman 1997). David Beetham (2005) out line some principles to distinguish representative democracy form other forms particularly oligarchy to justify rule by the few including equal right for all citizens to elect and be elected for all public office except for those position that requires special qualifications. Transparent official and legal access to it, freedom of expression, and the right of forming associations including media firms and other forms of associations, with the possibility of influencing decisions from the bottom up, the rights of citizens are legally protected and they have the right to vote on constitutional amendments and changes. Undeniably, those are human rights together with other political, social and economical rights are essential frame work for any of our modern eras forms of democracy, but not necessarily related only to the representative democracy. The overall practice and theory of liberal democracy or representative form of governance has been critiqued and challenged by many political theories, importantly in this essay I will provide a brief overview about those theories, because re-theorising direct democracy in the name of participatory democracy has built its advocacy on the below areas of analysis: The domination of elite theories: the classics elite theorist like Vilfredo Pareto, Gaetano Mosca, and Robert Michels, tried to articulate the gap between the governing group and the rest of society and highlight the domination of powers in few people hands, interestingly the critiques goes both side socialist and liberal arenas as it focus on the issue ultimate domination by few people to take the decisions, for Michels within any attempt to institutionalise the society there are going to be an iron law of oligarchy: an ultimate domination by few people in case of governments they are beaurocrats. A more recent attempts to articulate the same gap arguing that the public policies are and administration outcomes not reflecting the will of the citizens, but rather they are from an elite consensus (Bachrach 1967; Van den 1979). The Marxist critiques of the state being a tool in the hands of the oppressor ruling class; which focus on the structural classification of the society, and articulates the domination of economical sphere, upon the politics and ideology without the necessity for ruling class members to personally oversee the workings of the government. In the Marxist views the liberal democracy has been seen as distancing the masses from any genuine form of participation, and creating representative bodies (parliaments) which exclude and alienate the bulk of the population (Blaug and Schwarzmantel 2003 p.232) The anarchist critiques which emphasises the rule of propaganda in controlling the public, and the media is naturally in the hands of the powerful (Chomsky 2003 p. 246) and see the state has broken the social contract ; hence the call is for resistance and rebellion for aim of free Society. The modern political theories critiques, one dimension is the claims that economic factors exert a powerful effect on voting decisions, depending on government economic performance the political support can operate (Sander 1994 p.93). Another dimension is the valid critique that within a representative democracy there are dynamics for exclusion. One convincing critique is the feminist one, which clarify the fact that the basic unit of liberal democracy has always been a man, an actor in the public sphere, a male property accumulator (Blaug and Schwarzmantel 2003 p.301). Given the destructive nature of the criticism that dominated the discourse around liberal democracy (Duncan 1983 p.196), the liberal theorists in return considered remittances by practicing deliberative opinions polls and referendums in expanding the practice of democracy (Beetham 2005). David Beetham (2005) theoretically argues that a government can be a democracy only to the extent that that the selection to every office, or to each office, except the ones which necessitate expertise and skill, ought to be made by lot. This implies that nobody gets to enjoy the same position more than once except for the case of military positions (Beetham 2005), thus any theory of civic skills must take into account that citizens are embedded in networks of social, as well as political, relationships(Mutz 2006 p.150). One can argue Beetham (2005) that changing the faces would not change facts outlined by the above theories that representative democracy is not representing the will of people. Conse quently, led to what Herbert Marcuse stated as a mutilated crippled and frustrated human existence (as cited in Duncan 1983 p.195). Participatory democracy: For participatory democracy a likely starting point is the notion of sovereignty or of self-government. Amongst the contemporary theories of democracy, this is the oldest and the only one that is widely accepted by citizens and political leaders, the theory was initially presented in writings of Thomas Paine, United States constitutions preamble and even in Lincolns address of Gettysburg (Beetham 2005). A key component of this concept is political independence, that is, a given set of people shall not administer themselves if they were subjected to any form of governance by anybody outside that set/group. This is considered as an essential requirement for participatory democracy. Another prerequisite is that the given independent set cannot be subjugated by any monarchy, any other traditional aristocracy, or any other group, but is only accountable to and is controlled by the population in general (Pinkney 2003). The theoretical starting point of this stipulation is that in general p eople are fundamentally concerned with leading their own lives and have a basic right to do so (Gaventa 2004). Digging in ancient Greeks theories of direct democracy and thoroughly studying the social contract of Jean Jacques Rousseau together with on liberty of John Stuart Mill, Carole Pateman (1970) came up with notion of participatory democracy aiming to reconstruct democracy by providing structural institutions reforms for participation. According to her the distinction criterion of the ideal form of participatory democracy, that draws the basic distinction between representative and direct democracy; is the equal opportunity of citizens to participate in decision making and in creating institutional platform for this participation based on the argument that individuals and institutions cannot be understood apart from each other. She takes the discussion further to look at the conditions of equal participation arguing that having representatives in the public domain will not ensure proper level of engagement of citizens on decisions affecting them. One of her major views, is the more part icipation the more stable system of democracy can be obtained. She argues that all social and political including family, employment institutions are to be democratised in order to reach the aspired ideal of representative democracy. She also emphasised the necessity of democratic training to be grounded at the family level as foundation for political public participation. A major shift in Patemans notion of participatory was done by Benjamin Barber (1984) who also draws his work on Rousseau and the classics, he critiques of representative democracy which he considers thin meaning not very democratic and contradicting the Western values of social Justice, equality and freedom because of the second outline in the previous mention peculiarities of representative democracy saying: It delegates and thus alienates political will at the cost of genuine self-government and autonomy. As Rousseau warned the instant people allows itself to be represented it loses its freedom. Freedom and citizenship are correlates; each sustain and give life to the other (p.145). For him the absence of community sense in representative democracy makes equality just a fiction while social justice depraved by encroaching self-sufficiently and personal autonomy. Going back to Sen (2005) and Said (2003) and many others, indeed those principles and values are not Western, they are just human values, maybe Benjamin Barber failed to express the manner of values and relate them to the West, but he succeeded to emphasise the role of community in order to strengthen participatory democracy. When he prioritise community participation over individual participation, indicating that community participation when combined with essential training means real participation in setting the agendas for deliberation, legislation and on policy implementation. The individual participation is just another rational for individualism. From the same point of favouring training, without direct link with literature of participatory democracy or the mentioned theorist framework, Paulo Freire (1970) coming from socialist prospective and using Marxists lexicons writing Pedagogy of the Oppressed a book that influenced and informed participatory democracy theory and practice. Freire (1970) laid out important foundations for developing world experiences of participatory; first by directing participation from the intellectual rhetoric of the west into the developing countries, secondly by centring the dialogue in the heart of participation to reach consensus and agreements and indeed the earlier dialogue begins the more truly revolutionary will be the movement (p.128); thirdly and most importantly attributing the theory with social movement aspects of empowering the people through abolishment the teacher-student dichotomy as very basic roles in participation. To summarise the explanation of notion of participatory democracy, I can extract from the reviewed materials and from the above discussion cornerstones of participatory democracy, which involve 1) Democratic active political participation in all society institutions 2) Direct community involvement in dialogue and decision making. 3) Expansion of people participation in governance. 4) Empowering the community through the provision of relevant trainings. 5) Expansion of civil society role within the society. It is very important to distinguish between participatory democracy and deliberative democracy, because there is overlapping between participative and deliberative theories as both points of views are mutually supporting. In general, participatory democracy stresses on the extent of citizen participation, while on the other hand, deliberative democracy focuses on the quality of citizen participation (Fisher 2003). In order to comply with the participatory standard, it is essential for all citizens to be politically active with an additional requirement that their involvement be sincere and not driven be any logical reason. While these positions are unique, some advocates of either view contest the benefits of embracing the other one. In short, the advantages of complete citizen partnership will increase if their participation was reasonable, whereas, more widespread participation would boost the advantages of reasonable debate amongst the public. The most vivid distinction in the two ways is that participatory democracy possesses the tendency to absorb and merge civil society into its political system, whereas, the deliberative democracy identifies and even acknowledges the independent reality of the political domain (Webster 2002). Finally, in deliberative democracy different views continues to discuss until reframing a point of view that is mutually acceptable, while in participatory people may accept voting as an exit mechanism from the discussion. Having discussed the cornerstones of participatory democracy, it is now worthy to mention that over the past twenty years or so participatory institutions have gained popularity throughout the developing nations in an attempt to intensify the quality of democracy. In countries such as India, Brazil, Indonesia, Venezuela, local governments have experimented with participatory form of government to foster accountability and create active and well-informed citizens which help in establishing the atmosphere for realizing social justice (Prendergast 2005). In these states, participatory democracy has been able to produce set political and social progresses which have immensely deepened the quality of democracy (Fisher 2003). Social capital was generated, empowerment of citizens became a possibility and most of all government systems started to became fair and transparent. Insights of participatory democracy More relevant to reality than theory is to provide a case, in order to analyse the rigour of the claims in the previous analysis of the theoretical framework, through summarising the outcomes of many studies and researches done around one case which is Kerala in India. The justification for selection of Kerala could be: it is an experience of participatory democracy within a developing country, it attracted hundreds of scholars from around the globe by claiming success in transforming the society (Ramanathaiyer and MacPherson 2000), literature is available, the size of participation claimed is very big compared to other places, it involve both rural and urban areas, it is relatively happened within an worlds largest democracy and the developing countries oldest democracy when compared to other examples of Porto Alegre of Brazil and south Africa, it broke through and within a society feudalism specifically caste system and then draw some lessons learnt from the case. Note worthily the Kerala model of participatory democracy has been referred to: in consulted literature as socialist democracy (Heller 2009; Williams 2009) participatory development Participatory governance (Fung and Wright 2003; Hordijk 2005). For the aim of consistency and for the subject of our essay I will keep it as Participatory democracy. Inheriting a burden of a developing region, with a diversity of social stratifications the socialist governments in Kerala adopted participatory approach in engaging the people in their own development (Parayil 2000). Village councils empowered through involvement in the preparation of detailed development plans that are then put to vote in village assemblies, 140 Assembly constituencies created, mass planning and participation conducted at least 10% of the population participated in planning activities, public meetings and seminars are routine for instance Maitreesh Ghatak and Maitreya Ghatak (2002) states that:Since 1998 meetings have been regularly held in practically all of the around forty-five thousand constituencies over the state(p.49)., trainings learning-by-doing workshops to directly involve citizens in decision making, the process made to connects the peoples deliberations to actual decisions is more direct and less subject to bureaucratic alteration, social-economic data collection, cadastral plan updating by citizens, On the construction of small bridges and roads many cases of public taking, and drains by themselves, participatory developmental project skills and experiences developed leading to mobilisation of local resources and voluntary networks and excellent projects deliverable in many cases below the estimated budgets, have been reported. Hundreds thousands of citizens are volunteering in planning execution of developmental projects. Networks and structures of expertise retired skilled workers were created and made functional. Mass social and community mobilisation campaigns conducted (Heller and Isaac 2003; Parayil 1996; Ramanathaiyer and MacPherson 2000; Ramachandran 2000). Many strategies to enhance citizen participation were adopted including but not limited to: (1) allocation of funds that mandates that certain amounts must be spent on interventions targeting the needs of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, addressing women, children, the disabled, and the elderly; (2) participation, in which one-third of the number of seats in the committees and assemblies is reserved for women and a proportionate number is reserved for marginalised castes and historically disempowered tribes and communities in the assemblies; (3) massive capacity-building and awareness raising intervention and campaigns to sensitize the involved with the planning process as well as the assemblers and committees; and (4) continuous monitoring and evaluation for these components at many levels (Chettiparamb 2006). The allocation of funds in practice was proportionally high Starting in 1996, about 40 per cent of the state government controlled funds were devolved from the bureaucra cy to panchayat village planning councils (Ghatak and Ghatak 2002 p.53). It has been argued that this led to corruption cases (Das 2000), Indeed it did at the beginning but through transparency and participation in monitoring the practice has remarkably improved in terms of development there have been some positive outcomes already, including a decline in the prevailing cynicism towards development activities(Datta 1997 as cited in Crook and Sverrisson 1999). Kerala participatory democracy model has already established its success in development, centring planning and mass participation as instruments of social mobilisation in decentralised administration; in which the ultimate aim of decentralisation has to be to give opportunity for as much direct participation of people in daily governance as possible (Isaac 2000 p.7). As well as supporting microfinance, which aims, alleviate poverty and empowers women (Devika and Thampi 2007) In this state of 30 million of population, successive waves of social movements, a rich and competitive sector of civic organizations and citizens who know and use their rights have kept political parties and the State accountable, producing Indias most competitive party system and its most efficacious state (Heller 2000). Chettiparamb (2006) stressed that the confidence in civil society institution that competent of decision making was moderately aligned with goals of participatory democracy, democratic decentralization, and deliberative planning (p.188). Success was based not on upraising some subaltern vision but by first destroying feudalism through popular land reform policies and incorporating many people in the anti feudalism policies and campaigns, then continuing to expand a participation on civil society. The expansion of political and social citizenship can become the basis for creating social change in Kerala. Applying examples from farming, small industry, and the informal sectors, Patrick Heller (1999) analysis of the political dynamics through which active participation has reduced the capitalist growth and transformed the state from a period of open class struggle and oppression relationships to one of citizenship conciliation. His work concludes that the model provide broader indulgent to the complicated relationship between participatory democracy and market economies in the context of developing country. Ramachandran (2000) explains that high participation in Kerala and devolution of government into institutions and the government commitment in participation have increased the government expenditure on education and this is the explanation for higher literacy and better health awareness in Kerala. Citing comprehensive statistical records and using a Chinese methodology in evaluating the development in Kerala, Ramanathaiyer and MacPherson (2000) research revealed a paradox that the state has achieved high scores according to the Physical quality of Life Index and Human Development Indicator and low economic growth according to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) figures in compared to other states which adopted representative notions in governance. Although the research has well documented the success of Keralas participatory democracy model it remained sceptical to the overall Known development goals and their contradictions with each other for example; achieving higher literacy rate does not really translate into higher employment where unemployment reaches 21.19 per cent(p.45). However, relatively recent statistical records provides evidence on growth and improvements and sustainability in Keralas human development indicators; surveys proves that as well, such as the National Famil y and health National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) (MHFWGI 2006); for instance in 2007 a research by Zacharia and Rajan indicated that unemployment has dropped to 9.4 per cent (Kumar 2007). Hence Sen (1999) capabilities argument in development as freedom: there is more to be achieved in development than just GDP statistics, however, poverty is a major but not the only problem in the developing world, Kerala model stimulated the debate on the many concepts of development. The Kerala model of participation remarkable achievement in social development indicators has led to question united nations common used indicators such as literacy rate, infant mortality rate, life expectancy, fertility rates, etc whether they are reflexive indicators for social development, While poverty still in the state (Kurien 2000). In contrast there are some scholars who argue that GDP as indicator is not properly reflexive and thus illusory (Pritchett 2000) or Kerala income is underestimated (Ahluwalia 2000). Veron (2001) is arguing that Kerala model addressed some failures in term of community based sustainable development, relying on ecological and environmental aspects incorporated in his drew conceptualisation of sustainable development. He also sees the participation has not gone deep enough, thus Kerala model has already included allocation of increased funds for village development plans, and has implemented decentralised planning process that that aims to involve the civil society at every stage (p.612). Since the 1960s Kerala received attention accreditation and praises, for instance Samuel Huntington (1968 as cited in Heller 2009) describes it as an example of successful political modernization in the developing world. And continued to be judged positively for example Amartya Sen (1997 cited in Parayil 2000) appreciated it with concerns about the economic growth. There are many legitimate questions about what would happen when the socialist movement stop wining the elections?; Can this participatory mov

Kate ChopinsThe Story of an Hour and Guy de Maupassants The Necklace

Kate ChopinsThe Story of an Hour and Guy de Maupassants The Necklace In recent years, feminism has a profound impact not only on the familys sociology, but also on other areas of social cognition. Feminists now analyze the patriarchys origin a system of mens domination over women, both within families and in the broader context of other social institutions. Anthropological studies show that all sufficiently learned societies were patriarchal, although the extent and nature of mens domination in different societies differ significantly. However, in this paper, it is not important to dwell on the problem of the patriarchys ubiquity, but it is necessary to discuss the representation of gender roles and marriage in different works of literature. For the best understanding of the topic we are going to discuss two works of literature, such as Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour and Guy de Maupassants The Necklace. It is obvious that both literary works share a common theme, but they are different in their forms, style and content. Defining that exactly a wom an is a main heroine in The Story of an Hour and The Necklace it is possible to consider the statement from a female point of view: No female domination we want to have in literature. It is necessary not to separate a woman from the literary process, but exactly to find her place and designation in this process. It is important to fill the book and media not in female themes, but in the approval of the feminine world, kindness, mercy and tolerance. Analyzing two literary works in details we should think about their authors in general terms. First of all, we are going to talk about Kate Chopin as a prominent writer of her time. Describing Kate Chopin (1851-1904) as the writer we can say that her name was included in the canon of an American literature and The Story of an Hour is considered to be a feminist reading. At the turn of the XIX century we see a situation when a wave of an ideological movement for womens equality has led to a change in the concept of femininity, which inevitably required its interpretation. New Woman has become a major cultural phenomenon of the late Victorian literature. This is evidenced by the fact that in the period from 1883 to 1900, over one hundred novels were focused on the new woman. Although Kate Chopin is treated as a cult figure in an American feminist literature, in her diary notes she describes her current work on the new woman as the public fascination with hysterical, insincere and unhea lthy patterns of life that some British women have entered into vogue in the literature. As any distinctive artist, Kate Chopin originally conceptualized topical issues of own time. Therefore, it is extremely important to trace the originality of the authors interpretation of female themes in her works. Thinking about Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893) we know that he was a famous 20th-century French writer, and he also was known as one of the fathers of the contemporary short story. Fame came to de Maupassant in 1880 after the publication of his novel Doughnut, the first evidence of his artistic maturity. In general sense, de Maupassants stories and novels are characterized by their efficient denouement and economy of style. His numerous short stories are quite diverse in topics, tones (sad, gay, ironical, malicious etc.) and genre features. But most of them in the same way as novels combines the idea of ugliness of many forms of reality, brings a longing for beauty in human relations. De Maupassants unsurpassed skill as an artist was manifested in the fact that having an unusually sharp observation, the ability to select the brightest speaking facts, the ability to generalize and typify he was able to reveal big themes and make important social generalizations using own small novels as a field for a research. Using The Necklace as an example, we see that there is no lengthy description and extensive features in de Maupassants literature. The essence of a man, the idea of the works literature derived from actions of dramatis personae and behavior. The main thing for the writer is to choose proper circumstances, to portray a situation in which dramatis personae act. It is impossible to leave without attention the fact that a major role in the novels by de Maupassant plays a storyteller. Putting the narrator into operation is not a new technique invented by de Maupassant, but in de Maupassants literary works the narrator adds a lively character, helps to create the impression of the reliability of what is said. The composition of his novels is always very skilful. The main role often plays denouement that is always diverse, because de Maupassant constantly strives to ensure the intrigue for the reader, and sends the readers thoughts on the understanding of the ideological meaning of stories. Sometimes there is no denouement in the strict sense in de Maupassants novels and short stories. And The Necklace is such a kind of a story, because readers themselves should offer it. Continuing our discussion let us mention that The Necklace by de Maupassant is a short story-reasoning. From crude logic of a naked plot, claiming that it is dangerous to borrow someone elses expensive thing, de Maupassant leads the reader to the social and moral generalizations that are characteristic for realistic literature. The writer never imposes his views to the reader, he tries to be as objective as possible, hiding own personality in his narration. But his thoughts make the reader to think about life, and these arguments extend the plot of the novel to the level of social generalizations. Reading the story The Necklace by de Maupassant (1881), we see the place and role of a woman in those times from the first words: She was one of those pretty and charming girls born, as though fate had blundered over her, into a family of artisans. She had no marriage portion, no expectations, no means of getting known, understood, loved, and wedded by a man of wealth and distinction; and she let herself be married off to a little clerk in the Ministry of Education. In such a way, relationships between a man and a woman become visible immediately. Onega and Landa (1996) summarizing the plot stated that even though Mathilde is pretty and quite charming, she has none of the advantages of upper-class girls: a dowry, a distinguished family name, an entree into society, and all the little fineries that women covet. Consequently, she accepts a match made for her with a clerk, Monsieur Loisel, in the Department of Education. The young woman has no freedom in her actions and her place in soc iety was predetermined from the first days of her birth. She has married a man whom she never loved, but who was capable to take care of her. The story describes a situation when the above-mentioned Mathilde, wanting to shine at the ball, borrows a friends necklace. Early in the morning on the way home, she notices that the necklace disappeared. All searches were empty and she and her husband take a loan of thirty thousand francs to buy from a jeweler the same necklace and return it without explanation. In a result, the family forced to change own life and work off the debt, but at the end of the story we see that the necklace was false and ten years of life in poverty were unimportant. This story has no end, but it contains rethinkingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ What is the true value? Is a heavy, dreary life of honest perfect family, or a necklace, which during 10 years is considered to be a fake more valuable? Maybe another writer would made history with a necklace deliberately funny and comi c, but de Maupassant in this anecdotal case saw sad. He revealed an idea about the way how people should be happy and how it is unavailable possibility to be happy for the most part of population in his novel. In such a way gender roles and marriage is described in an interesting way in the story and the writer is convinced: in a world ruled by money, it is easy not only to destroy all the best, bright dreams of people, but to drain peoples spirit and souls, to form in their minds the false ideals; moreover, it is also very real and even easy to rob personal youth and beauty for the sake of something unimportant and false. In the hard world of material values, it is enough to find a fake trinket and become unhappy. Women and people with a fine psychic organization are unable to resist greed and envy and they heavier than others go through injustice of social order. Of course, it is indisputable that the writers skill was manifested in his ability to show in a single life situation broad social and moral problems of family and marriage. Comparing de Maupassants The Necklace to Chopins The Story of an Hour we see extremely another situation. The original interpretation of womens issues in the prose of Kate Chopin entailed important artistic innovations. Thus, communication nonverbal components receive a particular significance as a compensation for womens silence. According to Toth (1999), a parody of a literary clichà © and a variability of a plot serve as a special form of cultural stereotypes alienation. Chopins story begins with the words: Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husbands death. Thus, it shows us that in a gender relation the idea of female softness and elegance was associated with the bodys fragility and bodily weakness of women. According to Hoder-Salmon (1992) we see that likewise, her marriage exemplifies the status of women in the early twentieth century in that the woman is subject to the patria rchs powerful will bending hers. Although Brently had never looked save with love upon her, he disregarded Louises happiness: The lines [of her face] bespoke repression. So, a woman in marriage was like a bird in a cage. Observing the contemporary reality, it is possible to mention that disputes concerning a current status of a marriage and family with social scientists and in the mainstream press especially on the collapse of a marriage and sexual behavior often have no historical objectivity. In past centuries, break-ups of marriages were very common, but mostly due to the death of a spouse, and not as a result of divorce. This kind of divorce we see in our case and analyzing it Pontuale (1998) wrote that What becomes noticeable to Louise when she hears of Mr. Mallards death is a change in the prospect before her. Whereas before she had thought with a shudder that life might be long, she now saw . . . a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome. We see how in minutes of great grief, the main heroine overcomes a woman obedience, renunciation of herself for the sake of the family, social conventions, religious dogmas. And in addition to this fact Chopin and Knights (2000) added that even natural landscape reflects the main characters new perspectives and opportunities: The trees were all aquiver with the new spring life, countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves, and patches of blue sky [were] showing here and there through the clouds after the storm of grief had spent itself. Instead of hear[ing] the story [of her husbands death] as many women have heard the same, with a paralysed inability to accept its significance, Louise is enlivened and motivated: Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body. It becomes obvious that she feels freedom, not from her husband, but from the existed rules, norms and dogmas. Summarizing The Story of an Hour we see that it tells us about the complex mechanisms of self-discovery. Because the main heroine feels a lot of different emotions during the last hour of her life when to replace the first reaction of genuine grief comes a strange feeling that she initially could not understand. Unexpectedly for herself in her soul appeared a sense of joy and happiness in an anticipation of life, free from someone elses diktat. Chopin (1894) wrote: Free! Body and soul free! she kept whispering. An hour later, when her husband returned home, who turned out to be far away from the crash site Mrs. Mallard dies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as doctors ascertain of joy that kills. The last words in this context sound particularly ambiguous. Compositional contrast images, landscape sketches, the logic of artistic details, comparisons, epithets everything is subordinated to a common problem expressing the main ideas of the author. Comparing de Maupassants and Chopins representation of gender roles and marriage we see similar features, because Kate Chopin was influenced by Guy de Maupassants compositional art and also visible conciseness and accuracy of descriptions, attention to details, a subtle pattern of psychological truth and denouements mysteriousness. Contrasting Chopin to de Maupassant we see that an approachs specificity to an artistic understanding of a gender includes the fact that Chopins literary works sometimes explicitly, sometimes implicitly, focus attention on issues of self-realization of women, the ability of the heroines to understand own personality and own importance, both within the family and society. Thus, taking everything into account it is possible to come to a conclusion that both literary works share the common theme and both authors wanted to prove the fact that women strive not for the domination in society, but for own personality cognition and understanding of own role in life. In any case, a woman should stay a woman, and all poets and writers are right saying that exactly a woman is able to be kind, mercy, tolerant and make humanity better.

Benefits of Stem Cell Research Essay -- Scientific Research

Take a minute to imagine a world where some of the diseases once thought to be life threatening or altering could be cured. Diseases including lupus, Lou Gehrig’s disease, arthritis and countless others could very well be treatable. Many would consider a treatment like this to be considered a miracle, but miracle treatment is this, which can help numerous people with their pain and help alter the dismal quality of life that countless others are facing but, yet is denounced as an act against God? Now what if I told you that this life altering biomedical research wasn’t getting done, instead it’s being deliberated, tarnished and thrown to the way side by American politics and scorned in the court of public opinion due to a misinterpretation. This very research is the something we hear all over the news and in politics; considered by some politicians to be one of the key pieces in their journey to political stardom and their election, the research of stem cells, esp ecially now that techniques are being developed to create stem cells from an individual’s own bodily tissues. Every day we hear about these amazing unspecialized cells, and we continue to hear that other researchers all over the world are discovering new uses for it every day but, yet our government has refused to support such life altering research. Why hasn’t are government supported this breakthrough medical research? My belief is that our government should support stem cell research clinics with federal funds to help save the lives of countless Americans noting that the benefits or such research far outweighs the downfalls. There are several topics in America which no one talks about, unless they’re extremely close to the person they’re discussing it with, or they’... ...1January 2008 . The President's Council on Bioethics. September 2003. 17 January 2008. Wanjek, Christopher. Stem Cell Breakthrough Could Stilfe Research. 27 November 2007. 30 November 2007 . What is a Stem Cell? 21 June 2007. 27 November 2007 . Master, Zubin, Marcus McLeod, and Ivar Mendez. Benefits, Risks and Ethical Considerations in Translation of Stem Cell Research to Clinical Applications in Parkinson’s disease. Rep. Journal of Medical Ethics, 5 Apr. 206. Web. 23 Mar. 2010. . Sanberg, P. R. "Neural Stem Cells for Parkinson's Disease: To Protect and Repair." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104.29 (2007): 11869-1870. Print.

The Declaration of Independence :: essays research papers

The Declaration Of Independence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Declaration of Independence includes four parts. The first part is the Preamble, which explains why the Continental Congress drew up the Declaration. They felt their reason should be explained to England. The Purpose of Government is to Protect Basic Rights   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This section is about the basic unalienable rights that every human should have life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness are some of the rights that are talked about in this section. It also talks about how some people have the right to overthrow an unjust government. It states that government should not be changed for light or unimportant reasons. An example of just reason would be if a government was destructive in any way. Another reason would be if a government took away our basic rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Wrongs Done By The King   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the third section of the Declaration Of Independence states all the wrongs the people thought the king of England did to them. The colonists thought the king was treating them unfairly. For example he refused to approve laws that would help the colonists. He also made them pay taxes without their consent along with forbidding trade with other countries. They tried to talk to the king about their complaints but he ignored them. All of this made the colonists very angry. In this section the colonists write that they have had it with Britain’s Tyranny Rule. Declaration Of Independence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the fourth and last section of the Declaration Of Independence.